Why Did Anne and Her Family Moved to Holland
When the Frank family first moved to the Netherlands, every bit Nazi power began to rising in Germany, they hoped that they had found an escape from a homeland in which they, as Jews, were no longer welcome. Though life in Amsterdam got off to a practiced start — Otto Frank's business concern was successful, and his daughters Margot and Anne fabricated practiced friends — it didn't final. As the 1930s ended and High german forces threatened the Netherlands, Otto sought a way to get his family out — or, failing that, a identify for them to hide. The following is an extract from LIFE'south new special edition, Anne Frank: The Diary at 70, available on Amazon and at r etailers everywhere.
On May 10, 1940, everyone'south fears came truthful.
Germany launched what it chosen Fall Gelb, an attack on the Netherlands, French republic, Kingdom of belgium, and Luxembourg. On the 13th, Dutch queen Wilhelmina and her cabinet fled, request her subjects to "recall of our Jewish compatriots." The side by side day, German bombers gear up off a firestorm in Rotterdam that killed nearly 900 people and destroyed more 27,000 buildings. The Dutch commander in chief, General Henri G. Winkelman, had no choice merely to surrender.
Some 140,000 Jews lived in the Netherlands, and the geography made information technology difficult to flee. Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart ran the new civil administration and, at the start, many hoped that the occupying forces would not undermine day-to-twenty-four hour period life. "When the Germans came in May 1940, they seemed to be proper men," recalled Joop Zoutberg, a not-Jew whose begetter worked in Amsterdam's matzo manufactory. "They did no harm that first time."
But repressions apace began nether SS full general Hanns Rauter, who headed national security. Regulations barred Jews from civil service jobs, forced them to disembalm their business assets, and segregated Jewish children to all-Jewish schools. "Jews Prohibited" appeared on signs in parks and cafés. [Anne's friend Eva] Schloss bristled at the restrictions: "At first it was a nuisance; nosotros couldn't go to the swimming pool or public transport or the cinema." The movie rule especially bothered the cinema-obsessed Anne, so Otto rented movies and a projector to show films at abode.
Then, in Jan 1941, the Germans required Jews to annals in order to compile a record of the country'due south 159,806 Jews and 19,561 mixed Jews. "This was a arrangement of cocky-reporting. And then anybody with Jewish grandparents had to report that to the authorities," Gertjan Broek, a historian at the Anne Frank Firm in Amsterdam tells LIFE. "Foreign as information technology seems today, most people merely did that."
Some joined the resistance, stealing ID cards and working with the Allies to demolition bridges. And, afterwards Germans assaulted Jews in the central foursquare in February 1941, the Communist party called for a massive work stoppage. The activeness, instead of weakening the resolve of the Nazis, only inspired more repression. General Rauter crushed the strike, killing seven and wounding 76; 427 were apprehended and sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp.
Throughout, Otto'due south business organization grew. Needing more than space, Opekta moved in December 1940 to a new address: Prinsengracht 263, an early-18th-century canal building nigh the famed 17th-century Westerkerk church. The narrow brick construction had four stories and was actually made up of two buildings, one of which was an annex in the dorsum. Considering of the growing restrictions on Jewish life, Otto quietly transferred control of his concern to Jo Kleiman and Victor Kugler.
By now, the Nazis had explicitly laid out their program to exterminate European Jewry. And, in early 1942, with the United states of america having entered the war in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Nazis cracked downwardly even more than. They issued 569,355 yellow stars marked Jood and required Jews to sew them onto their clothes. "My blood brother, Heinz, told me that a friend of his who took off his star got arrested and he was never seen again," says Schloss.
With escape from Kingdom of the netherlands beginning to seem impossible, Otto Frank came up with a different idea.
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He began, with the help of Kleiman and Kugler, to hatch a plan to hide his family in Amsterdam. As a kid, Miep had been a refugee, having been sent by her parents from Vienna to Amsterdam following Globe War I, when there was little food to be had in Austria. And then when Otto asked her and Jan, whom she had just married, whether they were willing to accept responsibleness for a family in hiding, they unhesitatingly said yes. Bep Voskuijl soon became office of the group of helpers, and Otto invited Hermann van Pels and his family to bring together them in hiding. They created a small apartment in the dorsum edifice at 263, behind the part. To fix the place, they surreptitiously stocked information technology with canned appurtenances, dried fish, grains, and other necessities, besides as furniture, bedding, kitchen utensils, and dishes.
Anne turned 13 in 1942, and for her June birthday political party, Otto rented The Lighthouse by the Sea, starring Rin Tin Tin. Anne had recently admired a carmine plaid diary at a book- shop around the corner from their home and was thrilled to receive it every bit a gift. She called the book "one of my nicest presents," making her get-go entry that 24-hour interval, writing, "I hope I will be able to confide everything to you every bit I accept never been able to confide to anyone. And I promise y'all will be a keen source of condolement and support."
Anne treated her entries like letters, eventually settling on an imaginary correspondent named Kitty, named for a character from a series of stories by Cissy van Marxveldt about a fun and carefree teenage girl with a best friend named Kitty. Despite what was going on around her, Anne stayed positive, heading with friends to Café Delphi or a local ice cream parlor, playing table tennis, and filling the diary's early pages with teenage thoughts about her crushes and friends.
On July 5, however, a letter arrived from the authorities for Margot.
Plans had been announced to send Jews age 16 to forty to Frg for labor, and Margot was at present being ordered to written report. That night Jan and Miep picked upward some dress, towels, and shoes. The girls packed their schoolhouse- numberless—"the first thing I stuck in was this diary, and and so curlers, handkerchiefs, schoolbooks, a comb, and some one-time letters," wrote Anne. Otto sent a coded letter of the alphabet to his sister, Helene Elias, in Basel, Switzerland, to let her know that they were going to vanish.
"We knew then that they were going to hide," her son, Bernhard, would afterward say. "Simply nosotros had no idea where. And from and then on, there was no contact anymore."
Read more in LIFE's new special edition, Anne Frank: The Diary at 70, available on Amazon and at r etailers everywhere.
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Source: https://time.com/4770800/anne-frank-secret-annex/
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